WHOI_logo Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
A Guide to the Mary Sears Papers, 1931-1990

Manuscript Collection MC-09
10 boxes (12.5 lin. ft.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Biographical Information

Scope and Content Note

Administrative Information

Arrangement

Folder List


Biographical Information

A marine biologist, the late Mary Sears received her doctoral degree in zoology from Radcliffe College in 1933 and went on to pursue a life long career in oceanography. She was one of the first staff members at WHOI and a guiding force in its development. She is widely credited with turning a new, obscure field into a prestigious international science, and was the founding and long-time editor of the journal Deep-Sea Research. She also helped to establish the journal Progress in Oceanography, and served as editor of a number of books considered milestones on documenting the history of marine science. As a principal organizer of the first International Oceanographic Congress at the United Nations, she forged many important links with marine scientists around the world. During World War II she organized and led the new Oceanographic Unit of the Navy Hydrographic Office, which provided the foundation for the current Naval Oceanographic Office.

As a graduate student she worked at Harvard University with Dr. Henry Bigelow, a founder and the first Director of WHOI. She began working summers at WHOI as a planktonologist in 1932, and was appointed as a planktonologist on a year-round basis in 1940. She also served as a research assistant at Harvard from 1933 to 1949, as a tutor at Radcliffe from 1934 to 1940, and as an instructor at Wellesley College from 1938 to 1943. In 1941 she served at Pisco Bay in Peru as Grant and Faculty Fellow for Wellesley College’s Committee on Inter-American Cultural and Artistic Relations. Mary Sears chaired and helped to establish the First International Congress on Oceanography, held at the United Nations in New York in 1959. She also served on the Joint Committee on Oceanography of the International Council of Scientific Unions from 1958 to 1960.

A Navy WAVE during World War II, she provided intelligence reports predicting the presence of areas of the ocean where submarines could help escape enemy detection. She was sent to Washington, DC during World War II to work in the Hydrographic Office, working with Roger Revelle and others until June 1946. Revelle, former Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and founder of the University of California at San Diego, said in 1980 that “because the Federal Government has very little memory, it is generally forgotten that the first Oceanographer of the Navy in modern times was a short, rather shy and prim WAVE Lieutenant, j.g. ...They underestimated the powerful natural force that is Mary Sears. That tiny Oceanographic Unit soon became a Division, and finally the entire Hydrographic Office evolved into the Naval Oceanographic Office, headed by an admiral with the proud title of Oceanographer of the Navy.” Her intelligence reports, “Submarine Supplements to the Sailing Directions,” predicted the presence of thermoclines, or areas of rapid water temperature change, under which a submarines could hide to escape enemy detection by surface sonar. She established a small oceanographic unit in the Navy's Hydrographic Office and helped expand the role of applied oceanography within the Navy. In October 2000 the US Navy named a new naval research vessel, its sixth Pathfinder-class oceanographic survey ship, the USNS Mary Sears. This was the first time in it's 225 year history that the Navy named a research vessel for a woman.

Following mostly summer appointments at WHOI in the 1930s, she served on the scientific staff as a planktonologist from 1940 to 1963, eventually being named a Senior Scientist in the Biology Department, a position she held until her retirement in 1970. She was a Scientist Emeritus at WHOI at the time of her death in September 1997. Mary was also a long-time Member of the Corporation, serving as Clerk of the Corporation from 1947 to 1973 and as Deputy Clerk from 1973 to 1975. She was named an Honorary Trustee and Honorary Member in 1976 On the occasion of her 80th birthday in 1985, Deep-Sea Research dedicated an issue to Mary Sears, noting that she “has probably played a greater role in the advancement of oceanographic studies than any other woman.” As a member of nine scientific and honorary societies and long-time member of the governing board of WHOI, she was very influential in the development of WHOI, provided leadership across many oceanographic disciplines, and was an important mentor to generations of young scientists.

[From WHOI website, Mary Sears Woman Pioneer in Oceanography Award, About Mary Sears.]

Back to TOC


Scope and Content Note

Note: There are two CD-ROMs (CDROM-199) containing images of Mary Sears. Some of the images on the discs are not in Ibase, and cannot be found in the photograph collections.

Back to TOC


Administrative Information

Custodial History

Most of the material was stored in Mary Sears' office on the second floor of the Bigelow building. The remaining material was donated by Wendy Denton, and had been kept in Mary Sears' home.

Preferred Citation

Mary Sears Papers, 1931-1990. MC-09, "Folder Name." Data Library and Archives, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Acquisitions Information

Received in several accessions during 1992, 1996, 1997, 1nd 2005, including acc1996-55, 1997-54, 1997-58, and 2005-41. Accessions 1997-58 and 2005-41 were received from Wendy Denton.

Processing Information

Processing by Lisa Raymond in 2003 and 2004. Rosemary Davis completed second-level processing in 2007.

Access

The collection is open for research.

Use

Copyright: Permission to publish material from the collection must be authorized by the Institution Archivist.

Related Material

See Mary Sears biographical file.

Separated Material

Most books and reprints were discarded, placed in the MBLWHOI Library, or given to Falmouth High School. N.O.D.C. News Bulletins were sent to the National Oceanographic Data Center. Routine correspondence, receipts, and annual meeting minutes of the Board of Trustees were discarded.

Back to TOC


Arrangement

Arranged in eight series:

List of Series:
Series I: Correspondence
Series II: Subject Files
Series III: Publications
Series IV: Bigelow Volume
Series V: Deep Sea Research
Series VI: Anraku, Masateru
Series VII: AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) International Oceanographic Congress files
Series VIII: International Congress on the History of Oceanography

Back to TOC


Folder List

Series I: Correspondence 1947-1976 .5 box (.6 lin. ft.)
Scope and Content Note
Arrangement
Folders are arranged alphabetically.
1 1 Correspondence: Anraku, Masateru 1963-1967
2-5 Correspondence: Avila, Enrique (4f) 1948-1971
6 Correspondence: B 1948-1955
7 Correspondence: Braarud, Trygve 1952-1959
8 Business correspondence 1968-1976
9 Correspondence: C 1953
10-11 Correspondence: Carruthers, J. N. (2f) 1947-1961
12 Correspondence: Chace, F. A. 1947-1961
13 Correspondence: Cushing 1960
14 Correspondence: D 1949-1954
15 Correspondence: Emery, K. O. 1961
16 Correspondence: F 1950-1953
17 Correspondence: Fish, C. J. 1948-1962
18 Correspondence: Fye, Paul M. 1958-1964
19 Correspondence: J 1972
20 Correspondence: K 1950-1959
21 Correspondence: L 1951-1958
22 Correspondence: Merriman, Dan & Hilary Moore 1949-1954
23 Correspondence: Montgomery, Priscilla B. (Mrs. Thomas Harrison Montgomery) 1956-1957
24 Correspondence: Posner, Gerald 1953-1956
25 Correspondence: R 1949-1959
26 Correspondence: Redfield, A. C. 1954-[1964]
27 Correspondence: S 1949-1956
28 Correspondence: Smithsonian Institution 1963-1964
29 Correspondence: Special Committee on Ocean Research 1958-1962
30 Correspondence: Stommel, Henry 1960-1961
31 Correspondence: Suarez-Caabro, Jose A. 1957-1971
32 Correspondence: Thorson, Gunnar 1953
33 Correspondence: Walford, L. A. 1960
34 Correspondence: Wooster, Warren 1960-1965
Series II: Subject Files 1931-1977 1.25 boxes (1.5 lin. ft.)
Scope and Content Note
Arrangement
Folders are arranged alphabetically by subject.
1 35 A. C. Redfield 1975
36 AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 1959-1964
37 AIBS American Institute of Biological Sciences 1961-1963
38 American Academy of Arts & Sciences: Fellow 1964
39 Annual meeting 1976
40 Annual report 1964
41 Annual report 1965-1966
42 Annual report 1969-1975
43 Annual report for 1968 1968
44 Bibliographies: subject searchers 1950-1951
45 Catalog “inventory “ of Hall cabinets 1960
46-47 Director search: applicants (2f) 1976-1977
48 Director search: C. F. Adams 1976-1977
49 Director search: candidates 1976-1977
50 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization 1962-1964
51 Giesbrecht: Fauna und Flora 1959-1964
52 ICES International Council for Exploration of the Seas 1959-1967
53 International Commission for NW Atlantic Fisheries 1954-1961
54 International Committee on Nomenclature of Ocean Bottom Features 1951-1952
2 1 Knudsen tables 1962-1967
1 Mailings lists: institution & individual 1940
2 Manuscript (photocopy) of WHOI history undated
3 Marine research station, Eilat, Red Sea 1962
4 Marne fouling & its prevention: publication requests 1962
5 Memoranda 1965
6 Memos: J. B. Hulburt 1976-1982
7 Misc personal 1962
8 Misc personal 1963
9 Misc personal 1964
10 Misc personal 1965-1966
11 Misc personal 1965
12 Misc personal 1967
13 Misc personal 1968
14 Misc personal 1975-1980
15 Misc personal “Oceanography then and now” 1963
16 Misc science (1962)-1963
17 Misc science 1964
18 Misc science queries 1972-1975
19 Misc WHI publications requests (samples) 1964
20 Misc WHOI business 1963
21 Misc WHOI business 1964-1966
22 Misc WHOI publication requests (samples) 1965
23 Misc WHOI publications requests 1972-1973
24 Misc WHOI queries 1968-1969
25 Misc WHOI queries (samples) 1964
26 Misc WHOI queries (samples) 1965
27 Misc WHOI queries (samples) 1966
28 Misc WHOI queries (samples) 1967
29 Misc WHOI queries: publications 1963
30 MIT: Papers in Physical Oceanography and Meteorology 1946-1952
31 NASCO National Academy of Sciences Committee on Oceanography Activities 1964
32 National Academy of Sciences 1963-1970
33 National Science Foundation 1964-1970
34 Notes on the Peruvian Coastal, etc [1950?]
35 Oceanographic Education Center 1969-1970
36 “Oceans” symposium 1964
37 Oceanus 1972-1976
38-40 Pan American Institute of Geography and History (3f) 1955-1961
41 Progress in Oceanography series 1968-1974
42 Progress in Oceanography, General editor [1960s?]
43 Publications 1962-1963
44-45 Publications received (2f) 1931-1939
46 Readers’ Guide to Oceanography 1962-1964
47 Russian visitors 1965
48 Seminar on marine sciences 1962-1963
49 Soviet oceanographers 1962
50 Summary of investigations 1970, 1975
51 UNESCO 1956-1960
52 WHOI advisors 1972
53 WHOI misc facts/Collected reprints 1961-1962
54 WHOI Trustees: Executive Committee meeting notes 1976
Series III: Publications 1953-1981 .3 box (.375 lin. ft.)
Scope and Content Note
Arrangement
Folders are arranged chronologically.
3 1 Collected reprints 1953-1957
2 Collected reprints: costs 1960-1972
3-4 Cosmos Press (2f) 1960-1970
5 Collected reprints: policies 1965-1973
6 Copyright procedures 1965-1977
7 Collected reprints: pt III – Redfield vol. 1966
8 Collected reprints 1970
9 Cosmos Press 1971-1976
10 Collected reprints 1972
11 Collected reprints 1974-1975
12 Collected reprints: Charles Innis 1974-1976
13 Collected reprints index: Rose Celluci, G. K. Hall & Co. 1974-1979
14 Collected reprints 1975
15 Collected reprints: rules & regulations 1975
16 Collected reprints: Inforonics 1980-1981
Series IV: Bigelow Volume 1954-1956 .3 box (.375 lin. ft.)
Scope and Content Note
Arrangement
Folders are arranged chronologically.
3 17 Bigelow volume (1 of 2f) (1954), 1955
18 Bigelow volume (2 of 2f) (1954), 1955
19-20 Bigelow volume (2f) 1955-1956
21-22 Bigelow volume no.2 (2f) 1955
23 Bigelow volume 1956
24 Bigelow volume no. 3 1955
25 Bigelow volume no. 4 1956
26 Bigelow volume: acknowledgements 1956
27 Bigelow volume: receipts 1956
Series V: Deep Sea Research 1961-1979 .3 box (.375 lin. ft.)
Scope and Content Note
Arrangement
Folders are arranged chronologically.
3 28 Deep Sea Research: Maxwell, Robert 1961-1976
29 Deep Sea Research: Pettersson volume, F. F. Koczy 1963-1965
30 Deep Sea Research 1965
31 Deep Sea Research: Swallow, units & nomenclature 1967-1968
32 Deep Sea Research: Fuglister Atlas 1968-1971
33 Deep Sea Research: Job Shop, misc 1968-1975
34 Deep Sea Research: Holt 1969-1976
35 Deep Sea Research: Richards, G. F. 1970-1975
36 Deep Sea Research: Pergamon Press 1973
37 Deep Sea Research: misc 1971-1975
38 Deep Sea Research: A. S. Lowe 1973-1974
39 Deep Sea Research: manuscripts, Richards 1973-1977
40 Deep Sea Research: Swallow, Mrs. J. C. 1975-1976
41 Deep Sea Research: Frank Shephard 1975-1979
Series VI: Anraku, Masateru 1959-1961 .6 box (.75 lin. ft.)
Scope and Content Note
Arrangement
Folders are arranged chronologically.
4 1 Anraku, Masateru bibliography undated
2 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-13 June 19, 1959
3 Anraku, Masateru: data, Buzzards Bay July 1, 1959
4 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-14 July 3, 1959
5 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-13 July 17, 1959
6 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.3-13 July 28, 1959
7 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-13 August 12, 1959
8 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.3-13 August 21, 1959
9 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-10 September 29, 1959
10 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.7-13 October 29, 1959
11 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-13 December 7, 1959
12 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-13 January 14, 1960
13 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-13 February 24, 1960
14 Anraku, Masateru: data, st.1-13 April 11, 1960
15 Anraku, Masateru: data, phytoplankton (cruises 11-13) January-April 1960
16 Anraku, Masateru: data, cruise no. 14 August 17, 1960
17 Anraku, Masateru: data, cruise no. 15 September 19, 1960
18 Anraku, Masateru: data, cruise no. 16 December 15, 1960
19 Anraku, Masateru: data, cruise no. 17 May 11, 1961
20 Anraku, Masateru: data [Asterias to Cape Cod Bay] 1960-1961
21 Anraku, Masateru: Copenhagen meeting no. 1 1961
22 Anraku, Masateru: Copenhagen meeting no. 2 1961
23 Anraku, Masateru: addendum “mouth-arts of marine copepods” manuscript undated
24 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript (rough) “Cape Cod Canal” 1959-1960
25 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript (draft) “Cape Cod Canal” 1959-1960
26 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript “Cape Cod Canal” 1959-1960
27 Anraku, Masateru: discards from manuscripts undated
28 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript early revision “Influence of Cape …” [1960s]
29 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript Ia “Influence of Cape Cod …” [early-1960s]
30 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript Ib “Influence of Cape Cod …” [1960s]
31 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript Ic “Influence of Cape Cod …” [1960s]
32 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript Id “Influence of Cape Cod …” [1960s]
33 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IIa “Respiration & feeding …” [1960s]
34 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IIb “Respiration & feeding … [1960s]
35 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IIc “Respiration & feeding …” [1960s]
36 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IId “Respiration & feeding …” [1960s]
37 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IIIa “Feeding habits …” [1960s]
38 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IIIb “Feeding habits …” [1960s]
39 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IIIc “Feeding habits …” [1960s]
40 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IIId “Feeding habits …” [1960s]
41 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IVa “Seasonal & regional …” [1960s]
42 Anraku, Masateru: manuscript IVb “Seasonal & regional …” [1960s]
43 Anraku, Masateru: graphs & data for manuscript undated
Series VII: AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) International Oceanographic Congress files 1932-1961 2.5 boxes (3.125 lin. ft.)
Scope and Content Note
Arrangement
4 44 Haurwitz 1959
45 Hedgpeth 1959
46 Hess 1959
47 Ketchum 1959
48 Kinne 1959
49 W. V. R. Malkus 1959
50 N. B. Marshall 1959
51 Munk 1959
52 Pritchard 1959
53 Provosoli 1959
54 Ray 1959
55 Riedel 1959
56 Ryther 1959
57 Marston Sargent 1959
58 Theodore Walker 1959
59 AAAS: delegations 1959
60 AAAS: finances 1959
61 AAAS; letters 1957
5 1 AAAS: minutes 1957-1958
2-3 AAAS: misc business (2f) 1958-1959
4 AAAS: National Academy 1959
5 AAAS: publicity 1959
6-8 Requests for information (3f) 1959
9 AAAS: ship file 1959
10 AAAS: translations 1959
11 AAAS: visas 1959
12 AAAS: rough notes 1958-1959
13 AAAS: travel 1959
14 AAAS: misc 1959
15 AAAS: preliminary program 1957-1959
16 AAAS: announcement 1957-1958
17 AAAS: mailing list 1958
18 Koczy: AAAS 1957-1959
19 Lill: AAAS 1957-1960
20 Emery 1958-1959
21 Cushing: AAAS 1957-1959
22 Rubey 1959
23 Revelle 1957-1961
24 Arrhenius: AAAS 1957-1960
25 Goldberg 1958-1959
26 Cloud 1958-1960
27 Chairmen: AAAS 1958-1959
28 Members of AAAS STE-Committee 1957-1959
29 Myers: AAAS 1957-1959
30 AAAS: Nussbaum (folder 1 of 2) 1959
6 1 AAAS: Nussbaum (folder 2 of 2) 1959
2 Stommel: AAAS 1958-1959
3 R. L. Taylor 1958-1959
4 Walford: AAAS 1958-1959
5 Convenors: AAAS 1958-1959
6 Bull 1958-1959
7 Buzzati-Traverso 1958-1959
8 Carritt 1958-1959
9 Corcoran 1959
10 Dietz 1958-1959
11 Emiliani 1958-1959
12 Eriksson 1958-1959
13 Ewing 1958-1959
14 Geiss 1959
15 Glover 1958-1959
16 Hamilton 1958-1959
17 Remembrance book: International Oceanographic Conference 1959
18 Misc illustrations undated
19 Georges Bank: Bumpus 1939-1941
20 Misc illustrations [Damkaer] undated
21 Siphonophores illustrations undated
22 Misc notes undated
23 Plankton identified: Atlantis 1932
24 Plankton: Bermuda 1939
25 Misc temperatures 1932
26 Keys undated
27 Plankton: Gulf of Mexico 1947
28 Georges Bank 1940
29 Diatom identification 1940-1950
30 Plankton identification 1950
31 Dana siphonophores 1948-1954
32 Askoy plankton 1941-1942
33 Volume 20, pp. 77-83, 101-109, 139-148 undated
34 Volume 22, pp. 1-10 undated
35 Volume 22, pp. 445-454 undated
36 Volume 22, pp. 468-471 undated
37 Volume 23, pp. 359-363 undated
38 Volume 27, pp. 135-142 undated
39 Volume 27, pp. 191-198 undated
40 Volume 27, pp. 317-324 undated
41 Volume 27, pp. 428-440 undated
42 Volume 27, pp. 577-586 undated
7 1 “On Siphonophores” undated
2 WHOI nominating committee 1964-1965
3 Misc data sheets, “Que es el plankton … (draft?), notes undated
4 Misc correspondence & data sheets [1940s]
5 H. B. Bigelow: original drawings undated
6-7 Drawing (2f) undated
8 Notes on Anchobetas 1941
Series VIII: International Congress on the History of Oceanography 1932-1990 3.75 boxes (4.65 lin. ft.)
Scope and Content Note
Arrangement
Folders are arranged alphabetically.
7 9 International Congress on the History of Oceanography 1979-1980
10 International Congress on the History of Oceanography 1978-1979
11 Louis De Vorsey 1979
12 Ralph W. Dexter 1979-1980
13 V. W. Driggers 1979
14 William Emery 1979
15 I. A. Fedosseyev 1979
16 Maurice Fontaine 1979
17 Kenneth Gold 1979
18 James H. Guill 1979-1980
19 Gordon Gunter 1979
20 R. L. Haedrich/K. O. Emery 1979
21 A. Hallam 1979-1980
22 M. C. Henderschott 1979-1980
23 Robert Hohlfelder 1979
24 Houvenaghel 1980
25 Kern Kenyon 1979-1980
26 Bostwick Ketchum 1979
27 Kiyomitsu Kitano 1979
28 Josef Konvitz 1979
29 K. Krishnamurthy 1979
30 Rachel Lauden 1979
31 J. L. Lemke 1979
32 C. E. Lucas 1979
33 Anita McConnell 1979
34 S. Markanday 1979
35 Daniel Merriman 1979-1980
36 Eric Mills 1979
37 Selim Morcos 1979
38 Stewart Nelson 1979
39 Jane Oppenheimer 1979
40 Timothy Parsons 1979
41 Trevor Platt 1979-1980
42 A. Raban 1979-1980
43 Philip Rehbock 1979
44 Roger Revelle 1979
45 Elizabeth Shor 1979
8 1 Philip Richardson 1979
2 V. A. Shirey 1979
3 Susan Schlee 1979
4 Fred N. Spiess 1979
5 F. J. R. Taylor 1979
6 W. L. Templeton 1979
7 J. Theodorides 1979-1980
8 V. V. Tikhomirov 1979
9 William Wallace 1979
10 John B. Wilson 1979
11 Dael Wolfe 1980
12 Warren Wooster 1979
13 Maurice Yonge 1979
14 Donald Zinn 1979
15 S. Zuta 1979
9 1 Misc data 1932
2 Misc data [1940-1941?]
3 Misc data 1941
4 Atlas over Antarktis og Sydishavet 1936
5-7 International Oceanographic Congress: Correspondence, abstracts, papers (3f) 1959
10 1 Sear lab floorplan undated
2 Status of women at WHOI, 1930-1940 undated
3 Cruise notes [1941?]
4 Expansion of Oceanographic work in U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office (draft) undated
5 Proposal for post-war progress in oceanography … undated
6 Book reviews [1955?]
7 NSF research proposal [1960?]
8 Correspondence 1963
9 International Council for Exploration of the Sea 1963
10 Archives committee 1978
11 Whoi/Inforonics 1979
12 Correspondence: Joan Hurlburt 1986-1989
13 Subject index: notes 1987, undated
14 Correspondence: Craig Dorman 1990
15 Wood Hole database, Omnet Inc, WHOI 1990